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ADD (and ADHD) ranks among the most common
neurological disorders among American children, affecting up to 5 percent,
or as many as 2 million, at any one time. In fact, in every classroom
in the United States you can expect to find at least one child with ADHD.
While it is not itself a specific learning disability, ADHD can interfere
with concentration and attention, making it difficult for a child to do
well in school and in social situations.
Experts' opinions differ as to what ADD actually
is and this causes even more grief and confusion for parents and those
suffering with the symptoms.
ADD/ADHD is a baffling and frustrating disorder due
to the fact that experts do not agree on its exact cause or causes. There
are many theories and much debate.
Both the National Institutes of Health Consensus
Development Conference (1998) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (2000)
report on ADHD have confirmed that there is no known biological basis
for ADHD.
One prominent neurologist stated: "The more
you study hyperactivity or ADD, the less certain you are as to what it
is, or whether it is a thousand different situations all called by the
same name."
Another leading neurologist stated: "No single
cause has yet been identified for ADHD. In fact, ADHD will probably one
day prove to be an umbrella term for a number of associated disorders."
"There is no identified cause specific to ADD...
We are left with the possibility that ADD may be a catch-all condition."
"The exact mechanism underlying ADD remains
unknown."
The position that ADHD is not a proven syndrome has
many advocates, physicians as well as educators. However, whether or not
a syndrome exists, it is clear that many children have difficulty in school
because of an inability to attend to tasks.
Furthermore, experts' opinions differ as to what ADD
actually is, and this causes even more grief and confusion for parents
and those suffering with the symptoms. For example, the American Psychiatric
Association lists fourteen signs, of which at least eight must be present
for a child to be officially classified as ADD/ADHD.
These fourteen signs are:
1. Often fidgeting with hands or feet, or squirming
while seated.
2. Having difficulty remaining seated when required to do so.
3. Being easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.
4. Having difficulty awaiting turn in games or group activities.
5. Often blurting out answers before questions are completed.
6. Having difficulty in following instructions.
7. Having difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities.
8. Often shifting from one uncompleted task to another.
9. Having difficulty playing quietly.
10. Often talking excessively.
11. Often interrupting or intruding on others.
12. Often not listening to what is being said.
13. Often forgetting things necessary for tasks or activities.
14. Often engaging in physically dangerous activities without considering
possible consequences.
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